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The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was a law passed by the United States Congress in 1933 to authorize the President to regulate industry in an attempt to raise prices after severe deflation and stimulate economic recovery.〔, codified at )〕 It also established a national public works program known as the Public Works Administration (PWA, not to be confused with the WPA of 1935).〔Ellis W. Hawley, ''New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly: A Study in Economic Ambivalence'' (1971)〕 The National Recovery Administration (NRA) portion was widely hailed in 1933, but by 1934 business' opinion of the act had soured.〔 By March 1934 the "NRA was engaged chiefly in drawing up these industrial codes for all industries to adopt." However, the NIRA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935 and not replaced.〔Schlesinger, ''The Age of Roosevelt: The Coming of the New Deal,'' (2003) pp 87-176.〕〔Roger Biles, ''A New Deal for the American People'' (1991) pp 78-95)〕〔Kennedy, ''Freedom from Fear,'' (2001) pp 151-54.〕 The legislation was enacted in June 1933 during the Great Depression in the United States as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal legislative program. Section 7(a) of the bill, which protected collective bargaining rights for unions, proved contentious (especially in the Senate),〔〔 but both chambers eventually passed the legislation. President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on June 16, 1933.〔〔 The Act had two main sections (or "titles"). Title I was devoted to industrial recovery, authorizing the promulgation of industrial codes of fair competition, guaranteed trade union rights, permitted the regulation of working standards, and regulated the price of certain refined petroleum products and their transportation. Title II established the Public Works Administration, outlined the projects and funding opportunities it could engage in. Title II also provided funding for the Act. The Act was implemented by the NRA and the Public Works Administration (PWA).〔〔Himmelberg, ''The Origins of the National Recovery Administration,'' 1993.〕 Very large numbers of regulations were generated under the authority granted to the NRA by the Act,〔Eisner, ''Regulatory Politics in Transition,'' 2000.〕〔Best, ''Pride, Prejudice, and Politics: Roosevelt Versus Recovery, 1933-1938,'' 1991.〕 which led to a significant loss of political support for Roosevelt and the New Deal.〔 The NIRA was set to expire in June 1935, but in a major constitutional ruling the U.S. Supreme Court held Title I of the Act unconstitutional on May 27, 1935, in ''Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States'', 295 U.S. 495 (1935).〔 The National Industrial Recovery Act is widely considered a policy failure, both in the 1930s and by historians today.〔〔Bellush, ''The Failure of the NRA,'' 1975.〕〔National Recovery Review Board, ''Report to the President of the United States,'' First report, May 21, 1934.〕 Disputes over the reasons for this failure continue. Among the suggested causes are that the Act promoted economically harmful monopolies,〔 that the Act lacked critical support from the business community,〔Paulsen, "The Federal Trade Commission v. the National Recovery Administration, 1935," ''Social Science Quarterly,'' March 1989.〕 and that it was poorly administered.〔〔Horwitz, ''The Irony of Regulatory Reform: The Deregulation of American Telecommunications,'' 1989.〕 The Act encouraged union organizing, which led to significant labor unrest.〔Dubofsky and Dulles, ''Labor in America: A History,'' 1999; Bernstein, ''The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933–1941,'' 1970; Rayback, ''A History of American Labor,'' 1974.〕 The NIRA had no mechanisms for handling these problems, which led Congress to pass the National Labor Relations Act in 1935.〔Bernstein, ''The New Deal Collective Bargaining Policy,'' 1975; Vittoz, ''New Deal Labor Policy and the American Industrial Economy,'' 1987; Gross, ''The Making of the National Labor Relations Board,'' 1974; Tomlins, ''The State and the Unions,'' 1985; Fine, ''Automobile Under the Blue Eagle,'' 1963.〕 The Act was also a major force behind a major modification of the law criminalizing making false statements.〔 ==Background and enactment== The Depression began in the United States in October 1929 and grew steadily worse to its nadir in early 1933.〔〔〔Galbraith, ''The Great Crash of 1929,'' 1997.〕 President Herbert Hoover feared that too much intervention or coercion by the government would destroy individuality and self-reliance, which he considered to be important American values. His ''laissez-faire'' views appeared to be shared by the Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon.〔Smith, ''The Shattered Dream: Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression,'' 1970; Barber, ''From New Era to New Deal,'' 1989; Sobel and Hyman, ''Herbert Hoover at the Onset of the Great Depression, 1929–1930,'' 1975.〕 To combat with the growing economic decline, Hoover organized a number of voluntary measures with businesses, encouraged state and local government responses, and accelerated federal building projects.〔 However his policies had little or no effect on economic recovery.〔〔〔Schlesinger, ''The Age of Roosevelt: Crisis of the Old Order,'' 2003.〕 Toward the end of his term, however, Hoover supported several legislative solutions which he felt might lift the country out of the depression. The final attempt of the Hoover administration to rescue the economy was the passage of the Emergency Relief and Construction Act (which provided funds for public works programs) and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) (which provided low-interest loans to businesses).〔〔〔〔 Hoover was defeated for re-election by Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. Roosevelt was convinced that federal activism was needed to reverse the country's economic decline. In his first hundred days in office, the Congress enacted at Roosevelt's request a series of bills designed to strengthen the banking system, including the Emergency Banking Act, the Glass–Steagall Act (which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation), and the 1933 Banking Act.〔〔 The Congress also passed the Agricultural Adjustment Act to stabilize the nation's agricultural industry.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「National Industrial Recovery Act」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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